Differentiating Between Market Structures in Kudler

Differentiating Between Market Structures in Kudler ECO365 â€Å"Kudler Fine Foods was established in 1998 when Kathy Kudler fulfilled her vision of establishing her own gourmet food store. The La Jolla store continues to grow while the Del Mar store has been having some difficulties. The store in Encinitas has just opened, but sales seem brisk.† (Apollo, 2011, Strategic Plan, p. 3) The owner works 7 days a week and performs many jobs from purchasing to stocking shelves. Kudler Fine Foods sees itself outside of competition. The customer’s satisfaction survey, conducted in 2011, indicated that 80% of customers find Kudler Fine Foods stores convenient for open hours and are pleased with atmosphere and dà ©cor inside the stores. The†¦show more content†¦This provides an indication of which items and what quantities to carry in the future.† (Apollo, 2011) This is another area of opportunity to establish a strong inventory system to be able to track items sold and being able to forecast better. Kudler strives to deli ver 95% inventory to its customers and in order to do that the strong inventory system must be established. * There is one thing that they are very creative and very good at:† Expanding Services (Revenue Increase) – Kudler is offering parties in the store to show customers how to prepare specialty foods. The draw for the consumers is to be trained by world-renowned chefs, local celebrities, other food experts, and even Kathy Kudler herself, and to be invited to exclusive, upscale events. The anticipated outcomes will be to increase the customer purchase rate of high margin food and beverage items and to get consumer to make an evening at Kudler Fine Foods part of their social network. This increased time in the store will increase the overall revenue per visit and increase the frequency of visits to the store.† (Apollo, 2011 Marketing Overview) They should absolutely continue with this strategy. This makes them unique and decreases competition. * Even though Kudl er acts like a monopolistic company they are definitely is oligopoly and should get more realistic and consider competitors who will attract Kudler’s customers shortly. In order to sustainShow MoreRelatedDifferentiating Between Market Structures in Kudler1564 Words   |  7 PagesCurrent Market Conditions Competitive Analysis Jerona Green, Darlene Wilson, Bronda Perkins, Christopher Pollard ECO/365 April 8, 2013 Samuel Imarhiagbe Current Market Conditions Competitive Analysis In today’s society the cell phone market is a huge competitive industry for cell phone companies. There have been studies that show that half the world has cell phone accounts. One attribute that defines the cell phone market is the idea of consumers is giving up their land line phones.Read MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures Paper on Kudler Fine Foods1063 Words   |  5 PagesDifferentiating Between Market Structures on Kudler Fine Foods ECO/365 University of Phoenix Week 4 Individual Assignment March 11, 2013 Differentiating Between Market Structures The analysis will apply important microeconomic concepts toward the competitive strategies of the Kudler Fine Food Virtual Organization, which affect its long-term profitability. The analysis will evaluate the differences between market structures and review the organization’s strategic plan, marketing overviewRead MoreKudler Fine Foods: Analysis of the Market Structures and Strategic Planning1079 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract This paper presents an analysis of the market structures, strategic planning, market environment, and internal environment of Kudler Fine Food in order to suggest the best market structure which can be helpful for its long-term profitability and recommend strategies which can make it more competitive and successful among its industry rivals. Difference between Market Structures There are four types of market structures: Monopolistic Competition, Monopoly, Oligopoly, and Perfect CompetitionRead MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures1598 Words   |  7 PagesDifferentiating Between Market Structures Jennifer Lavallee ECO/365 May 27, 2013 Market structure is the physical characteristics of the market within which companies react. This means that there are different kinds of market structure based on how companies work together within a particular industry. Location and product have the most to do with determining the market structure. There are four defined market types. The first market structure is called the perfectly competitive market. TheRead MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures1692 Words   |  7 PagesDifferentiating Between Market Structures Using the virtual organization of Kudler Fine Foods, evaluations will be made to determine market structure and competitiveness. Kudler Fine Foods current strategic plan for 2003, marketing overview, and market surveys will provide information to evaluate how Kudler competes in its market and where its strengths and weaknesses are located. Based on the evaluation of Kudler Fine Foods an applicable market structure will be determined and the structures effectsRead MoreEco 365 Uop Differentiating Between Market Structures Essay1031 Words   |  5 PagesDifferentiating Between Market Structures ECO365 Kudler Fine Foods is the brain child of Kathy Kudler. She envisioned a one stop gourmet food store and has grown to three locations to date. She continues to maintain direct control over large bulk purchase order items, stringent customer service policies, and hiring. This paper discusses how the organization competes in the marketplace and the strengths and weaknesses of the company according to the marketing surveys their customers completedRead MoreKudler Fine Food- Eco 365 Essay1106 Words   |  5 PagesDifferentiating Between Market Structures in Kudler ECO 365/ Lisa Messemer Sharonda Shelton July 23, 2012 Kudler Foods specializes in providing unique and high quality ingredients for the gourmet chef. In an effort to increase profits, the company is interested in adding catering to its service offerings. TheRead MoreEco365 Week1 Essay2640 Words   |  11 Pages(2010). Economics (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. All electronic materials are available on the student website. Week One: Fundamentals of Microeconomics | | Details | Due | Points | Objectives | 1.1 Differentiate between macroeconomics and microeconomics. 1.2 Analyze the effect of changes in supply and demand on the equilibrium price and quantity. 1.3 Determine how elasticities affect pricing and purchasing decisions. | | | Reading | Read Ch

The Effects Of Divorce On Children And The Association...

Taylor Rydberg Sociology 134 Schweingruber 9/30/14 Library Research Project I’m sure everyone has heard that roughly fifty percent of marriages end in divorce. I’m not entirely sure that static is still true, but still a lot of marriages do end in divorce. I am a child of divorce. My parents got divorced when I was around five years old. I’m always very interested in the affects divorce has on children, since I am one. Our society has changed to mostly accept divorce. I think divorce is related to the course material because it’s happening a lot in our society; sociology is the study of social behavior, organization, and development. I’m interested in how divorced fathers affect their children’s future. In the research paper, Parenting†¦show more content†¦They also wanted to see how the children reacted to their fathers parenting them, instead of their mother. The study found that non-residential fathers were less controlling and less supportive than fathers that have joint custody with the mother and married fathers. â€Å"We conclude that, even after a divorce, fathers have the capacity to enhance children’s self-esteem and we suggest that future research should investigate this capacity,† (Bastaits, Ponnet, Mortelmans 1). In the next research paper, Increasing Our Understanding of Divorced Fathers Who Have Infrequent Contact With Their Children by James Dudley; Dudley wanted individuals who read this paper to understand the ever-increasing awareness that not a lot of research is being done about divorced fathers. Most studies that have been done focus on mothers who have custody of their children. Dudley intended this paper for readers that want to help divorced fathers stay involved or become more involved in their child’s life. Dudley studied eighty-four divorced fathers out of two hundred and fifty-five divorced fathers who took part in his study. He chose the eighty-four fathers out of the others because these fathers had way less f requent contact with their children. Dudley’s criteria for his study were that the fathers had to be divorced, one of their children had to be under nineteen years old, and live in Philadelphia. This study used a purposive sampling approach, meaning that any father that

Using Animals in Disease Research Free Essays

Using Animals in Disease Research People all over the world have different opinions on whether animal testing is an ethical way to research drugs and treatments or not. Almost every medical advancement has involved using of animals including discovery of penicillin, organ transplantation, vaccines etc. Scientists should use animals in disease research because nowadays it is the only right way to develop drugs, treatments and cures for diseases and to be sure that new products are safe to use. We will write a custom essay sample on Using Animals in Disease Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first reason why animals should be used in lab testing is that it is the best way to do the research not on human beings but on something that is very similar to humans by chemistry, cell structure and organization. Only drug testing on animals will shows maximally closest result to what will happen in the human’s body. Perhaps we weren’t be able to cure even very common diseases in present-day medicine without using animals in researches. The second reason why scientists should use animals in their researches is that animal’s rights are still protected and they don’t feel pain during the testing. According to Foundation for Biomedical Research, the Public Health Service Act, Federal laws, and Animal Welfare act controls the removal of pain. All animals used in procedures always relieved from pain by anesthesia. A well-treated animal provide more reliable scientific results, which is the goal of all researchers. The last reason why using animals in research is necessary is that human beings are more important than animals. Animals quickly reproduce itself and they have short life cycle that help scientists to study effects of the drugs on several generations. Also animals can be donors of organs for humans. The society knows many facts in a last few years about transplanting of animal`s organs into human body. The opponents of using animals in disease research might say that scientists could discover drugs using alternative methods such as computer models. However, scientists should see the drug action in all system of living organism to be sure how it works. Using animals in lab testing and researches is necessary because alternative methods are currently not as reliable. Testing drugs and treatments on animals will someday help scientists find the cure for diseases like Alzheimer, AIDS, and cancer. How to cite Using Animals in Disease Research, Essays

Voting Ban On Prisoners

Question: Discuss about the Article for Voting Ban On Prisoners? Answer: The Government has the scope or rather the opportunity through the constitutional reform program, to given end to the outdated punishment of the civic death which dated back to the Forfeiture Act 1870. This in turn will bring the United Kingdom into line with a huge majority of the countries in the European Council and facilitate a modern or a different type of prison system to stress on the civic rehabilitation and responsibility but not the social elimination[1]. There were no central problems in enabling the victims for voting[2]. Therefore, there was a rule set out by the Electoral Commission to make such a mechanism through which the prisoner will be enabled to cast their vote. So the government instead of dealing with the compensation claims and other matters should give a ban on this uncivilized and outdated system of not allowing the prisoners to vote[3]. However, it is important to discuss how appropriate and valid is the governments decision to ban the voting rights of pris oners. In the case of Stockale v. Hansard, the Parliament of the United Kingdom challenged the privilege of parliament that became unsuccessful thus, leading to legislative reform[4]. The Court in this case concluded that the Commons was a court superior to any court of law and both the Houses of Parliament have the authority to make or unmake laws and that no resolution can be passed to decide the nature of privilege. In short, it meant that Each House (Commons andLords) was the sole judge of its own privileges. The judgment in the said case also concluded that aresolution of the House declaratory of its own privileges could not be questioned in any court of law. Similarly, in the case of King v. Lake[5], the plaintiff and the defendant were working on removing the automobile transmission where it suddenly fell off and fractured the left arm of the plaintiff. The Supreme Court was of the view that they have an approval for the instruction which was mandatory in anticipating the future chan ges in instructions on this subject. In the case of Gridley v. Johnson[6], the Supreme Court stated that the rule of similar localities has outlived many usefulness and the rule has changed the substantive law of the State in this respect. The trial court and the attorneys of the state continue to use the deletion of the word and they agree with the contention of the defendant. In the case of Smile v. Lawson[7], the trial Court was of the opinion that, having given an approved instruction the use of which at the time was mandatory may not be convicted of error in not anticipating future changes in instructions on this subject. In the case of Scoppola v. Italy[8] makes a clear view of the fact that the sentenced prisoners of United States have the right to cast their votes. It points out the principles set out in the judgment of Hirst (no2) that the people who were sentenced to any term, it may be years, months or anything and also the situation, is not well-matched with Article 3 of the Protocol No 1 of the European Conventions on Human Rights. The margin of appreciation or the margin of state discretion is a doctrine with a wide scope in international human rights law. It was developed by the European Court of Human Rights, to judge whether a state party to the European Convention on Human Rights should be sanctioned for derogations. In the general view, people in the prison are moved to drop their right to independence, not their personality. The UKs old-fashioned objection on the sentenced prisoners contains no pace in the modern democracy and is morally and legally unsustainable. The official and the experienced governors of prison, present and past bishops to the prisons, electoral commissions, chief inspectors, legal experts and the other European Governments believes that the prisoners should be able to implement their civic responsibilities. As a result, the European Court had made a clear judgment about the legal obligations of UK and to overturn the ban on this system. The UK's objection on the ban on prisoners voting rights remains constant in March 2004 even it was unlawful. The law is a leftover or the remains of the 19th century which stay back Forfeiture Act of 1870 which was according to the concept of the Civic death, a punishment based on the removal of the rights of the citizens. Since the past eight years, when the ban on the giving of votes was stated unlawful, the government of UK has frequently detailing the implementation of the opinion of the European Court. Depending upon the ruling of the European Court in 2004, the case of Hirst (2), in 2005 the verdict of the Grand Chamber, that the current objection of the UKs on allowing all the prisoners from selection contravenes Article 3 of the Protocol No one of the European Convention on Human Rights[9]. Further, the Labor government prepares two types of stage consultation procedures on behalf of the change in the policy. In June 2010, the Council of Committee of Europe uttered deep regret that there was no implementation of the ban on the right time for 2010 general election[10]. On the month of December of the same year, there was a declaration from the side of the government that it would bring legislature to permit those prisoners sentenced not less than four years, the right to cast the vote in the parliamentary of UK and the parliament elections of Europe. Until and unless the judge present on the House considered the case to be in appropriate. On the first day of March 2011, the latest ECHR was referred by the government of Europe dealing with the issue, the MT judgments and the Greens, to the Grand Chamber of Human Rights Court of the European Court. This in return made an appeal before the Courts decision that the United Kingdom must introduce the legislation for six months from the 1st of March[11]. On September 2011, the government declares that it have made an increase in the time limit to acquire details of the referral of Scoppola v Italy (No 3) to the Grand Chamber. The government, therefore, was notified that the court had permitted an increase the period of six months starting the judgment day of Scoppola[12]. Sections 4 and 10 of the Human Rights Act 1998 enable the Human Rights Act 1998 to be effective in the United Kingdom. Section 4 permits courts to grant a declaration of inco mpatibility which makes it impossible to use section 3 for interpreting primary or subordinate legislation so that their provisions are compatible with the articles of the European Convention of Human Rights, which are also part of the Human Rights Act. In these cases, interpretation to comply may conflict with legislative intent. It is considered a measure of last resort. A range of superior courts can issue a declaration of incompatibility. In Reg. v. Home Secretary, Ex p. Brind, the doctrine of "proportionality"was highlighted. The Court held that that the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms was not part of English domestic law. The right to vote is not applicable for the prisoners who are serving a sentence in the United Kingdom. This prohibition was protected in the Representation of People Act, 1983 in section 3, which was later amended in the year 1985[13]. On 22 November 2012 the Government published a draft Bill, the Voting Eligibility (Prisoners) Bill, for pre-legislative scrutiny by a Joint Committee of both Houses. The Committee published its report on 18 December 2013 and recommended that the Government should introduce legislation to allow all prisoners serving sentences of 12 months or less to vote in all UK Parliamentary, local and regional European elections. This law for the prisoners of banishment from voting was first included in the Forfeiture Act 1870 in the chapter of civic death'. The rights of citizenship were denied to the prisoners. However, this act was amended in the year 1969 by the Representation of the People Act, which stated that the convicted prisoners would be temporarily prohibited from voting as long as they are in the prison, which was an extension of the Criminal Law Act, 1967. There was still a case of voting by the prisoners of UK between 1948 to 1969 because of the Draft Voting Eligibility (Prisoners) Bill. In the year 1999, it was identified by the office of the Working Party on Electoral Procedures that the prisoners who are unsentenced and detained on remand should be disenfranchised from the registration and rights to vote. The Representation of the People Act 1983 stated that prisoners who are in the penal institution could not have the rights to vote, as the institution shall not be identified as a residential address for electoral registration purpose. Therefore, the prisoners cannot be registered as electors as they cannot provide any other alternative address during their stay in the institution[14]. The Working Party came up with the proposal that there is no point in depriving the unconvicted prisoners from the voting rights and stated that the unconvicted prisoners who are on remand should be considered as electors as per their original registers till they are sentenced undergo changes and therefore, the committee proposed that these remanded prisoners should be registered as other electors as against their primary address. The Working Party identified the situation that in case of a prisoner found guilty in a court case it will not be possible to establish the seriousness and nature of the offence without the sentence benefits that justifies the sentence. Therefore, no recommendation was made for this type of prisoners[15]. Representation of the People Act 2000 implemented the recommendations, which were for the remand prisoners. The condition of the disenfranchised prisoners did not change in this act as it was amended in the Representation of the People Act 1983. The later governments have put forward the fact that the moral authority for voting cannot be implemented on the prisoners who have been sentenced imprisonment because of serious crimes. This issue was discussed in 2003 in the House of Lords and was questioned to the Home Office Minister[16]. The Prison Reform Trust has been long dealing with this issue of for the rights of the prisoners to vote. Its Prisoners and the Democratic Process in December 1988 argued the fact that the rights to vote increases the social responsibility sense among the prisoners and so they insisted that all the prisoners in UK should be provided with this right to vote. They also asked the Select Committee of the Home Affairs in 1997-98 to inquire in to the Electoral Law and Administration. The Prison Reform Trust and The National Association of Ex-Offenders introduced a program named as Barred from Voting for securing the voting rights of the prisoners[17]. They raised the argument, which stated that providing with this voting right for the prisoners will enable them to take responsibilities which are a part of their citizenship. This will also make the politicians focus more on the prisons and therefore the level of penal policy and prisons will be elevated. Various noted politicians and diplomats joined the campaign like Lord Douglas Hard, Baroness Kennedy and Simon Hughes, which fortified the objectives of the group[18]. In March 2005, the debate reached great heights when the rights to vote for the prisoners were supported by Charles Kennedy, who was the then leader of the Liberal Democrats. He proposed that every citizen of UK is an individual citizen and all of them should have the basic citizenship rights, which includes the right to vote. During the election campaign in 2005, Alan Milburn criticized the views of Charles Kennedy stating that the convicted criminals should not be allowed to vote and has their choice in matters that govern the policies of Great Britain[19]. The Conservatives and David Davis, the secretary of Shadow Home, opposed the views of Charles Kennedy stating that prisoners should not have the priorities to choose the ruler of UK. Rather the victim of the crimes committed by those criminals should be favored and the right to vote for the criminals and prisoners should never be implemented for maintaining the balance of the justice system for the criminals[20]. There is no ban for the prisoners from casting their votes in the 18 European countries like Ireland, Finland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland and Spain. In some of the countries, the right to vote depends on the sentence duration of type of the committed crime. In some countries, they are allowed to vote only during specified elections. France has the constitutional rule wherein the political rights of the prisoners get forfeited in case of certain crimes. Germany has the rule that in case of crimes, which affect the democratic orders or state integrity, the voting rights of the prisoners are terminated[21]. The European countries, which have a ban like UK on the voting rights of the prisoners, are Estonia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Liechtenstein and Georgia. Japan and Russia have a complete ban on voting of their prisoners. Australian prisoners have the right to vote in only two of the states out of seven. The United States have a much stringent rule, which bans some of the prisoners from casting their vote even after their release[22]. Ireland had legislation passed in 2006, which allowed every prisoner in the country by post in the respective constituency of their permanent address. Cyprus also allowed a complete right to vote in the same year and came out of a previous ban on their voting. Three of the prisoners of UK in the year 2001 had raised their voice against the decision of Electoral Registration Officer regarding their electoral registration. However, their applications were dismissed in the High Court. It was declared that the voting rights of the prisoners have to be decided by the Parliament and it is not a matter to be decided by the courts. The case of John Hirst was given the judgment on 2004 on 30th March by the European Court of Human Rights. Hirst, who was sentenced for life for murder, challenged the decision of the ban on voting[23]. He lost the case in High Court in 2001 on the similar issue and refilled his application. In the said case the court ruled that a blanket ban onBritish prisonersexercising the right to vote is contrary to theEuropean Convention on Human Rights. The European Convention on Human Rights states that the elections should be free for expressing the peoples opinion in the legislation choice. Based on this fact seven judges raised the issue that the voting rights of the prisoners is being breached as per this law. In context to this, the Department of Constitutional Affairs stated that the prisoners should be banned from voting because after committing a serious crime they should not have the right to choose their government. On 2005, the European Court of Human Rights found that the protocol 1 of article 3 has been breached by the ban of rights of the prisoners to vote. However, the court stated that the convicts have the all fundamental freedom and rights as provided by the law. However, they are not allowed liberty rights. Therefore, it was clear that the prisoners have lost their rights to vote only because they have been detained. The people who have been convicted because of a serious offence and whose activity seriously damaged the democratic foundation should not be sanctioned the legislative liberties to prevent arbitrariness[24]. The court stated that the ban on voting applied to 48,000 prisoners. These included only those prisoners who were found to have committed a serious crime and did not include those convicts who have been detained on remand. 48,000 was a figure big enough to neglect and included a variety of sentences ranging from one day to life sentence and minor crimes to serious offences. However, while declaring the sentences for these criminals, nothing was mentioned or referred either regarding the ban to vote for these criminals collectively or in individual cases. No debate was raised by the legislative members regarding the standards of human rights and current penal policy for maintaining the restriction on the prisoners' rights to vote. However, restrictions if any has to be imposed will be decided by the parliament, as it is not a matter to be settled by the court[25]. The Representation of the People Act 2000 granted the permission to vote for the prisoners in remand, but no significant output was achieved out of this order as the ban continued on the prisoners towards their rights to vote. In a famous United Kingdom case law Scoppola v Italy, the European Court of Human Rights held that there was a violation of the Human Rights Protocol because a voting ban was imposed on an individual after he was criminal convicted. The individual claimed that his rights under Human Rights laws were violated and the European Court upheld the claim and stated that the said proposed ban was unjustified. In the said case, the plaintiff Franco Scoppola was sentenced with life imprisonment in 2002 for the charges of murder, attempt to murder, ill-treatment and illegal possession of firearms. Under the Italian law, the plaintiff life sentence was followed by a lifetime ban from public office, which means a lifetime ban from voting rights in Italy[26]. The first appeal from the plaintiff apposing the ban was unsuccessful however, his life prison was reduced to 30 years in 2010. Therefore, the plaintiff stated that the life imprisonment sentence passed earlier had made him ineligible to vote for the entire life. The plaintiff stated that the ban on voting rights is an additional punishment which achieves nothing in its outcome. It lacks to protect the public order and safety and is a poor deterrent to filter and stop crime. It is not a correct method to treat the offending behaviour of prisoners and lacks to provide appropriate rehabilitation of the prisoners. While deciding the said case, the Court held that there was no violation of the Article 1 and 3 of the Human Rights Protocol and Convention. The reason given by the court was that in Italy only prisoners who are sentenced to prison selected offences for a period of 3 years or more were falling under the blanket of prisoner who lost their right to vote. Therefore, only a certain offences against the State and the judicial system made a prisoner lose his voting right. As there was no general discrimination, the Court held that the said Italian law did not violate a Human Rights Convention or Protocol. In the said case, The United Kingdom government was given a leave as a third party to make submissions about the fact that each State has a wide range of discretion in determining how it should regulate ban which include determining what type of offences committed will attract lose of voting rights along with the decision on disenfranchisement. It is for the Government to decide whether d isenfranchisement should be done by formulating a law or by resolving each case as and when it comes to the Courts. In 2011, along with two, more cases from a different country were appealed to the Grand Chamber and the previous judgement was upheld. However, this explains why there is a rise in the case concerning the same matter in United Kingdom[27]. However, there was a rise in case laws concerning the said matter following the decision of the recent case law decided by the European Court of Human Rights. The judgement of Hirst relating to the voting rights of the prisoners created many complex issues concerning the matter. The buzz after the said judgement made it clear that the United Kingdom government will have to amend the Section 3 of the Representation of People Acts 1983[28]. This amendment can be either in the form of a new legislation or by issuing a remedial order to comply with the judgement passed by the European Court of Human Rights in various cases concerning voting rights of prisoners which were considered unlawful. Thus, the option for changing the law was being considered. The Labour Government proposed the following options for changing the law:- Enfranchise prisoners sentenced to less prison term The United Kingdom need to adopt a policy, which is popular among the other European nations to enfranchise prisoners sentenced to less than a specified term. This means that the prisoner is allowed to retain their voting rights if their prison sentence is less than a specified term like 3 years or 5 years and the prisoners who are given longer sentences can be enfranchised. The proposed draft gave an example of European countries which have adopted the said policy like in Belgium a prisoner who is sentenced for a period of more than 4 months are not eligible to vote and in Australia the specified period extends to one and a half years[29]. Allow Court to determine on withdrawal from voting rights One of the best methods to resolve the matter of ban of voting rights of the prisoner is to let the Court decide while sentencing a prisoner whether the prisoner is entitled to a ban on voting rights. This can be implemented in two different ways, the first being that legislation is passed which allows the Judges to decide whether even after a disenfranchisement procedure; the prisoner should retain his right to vote. The second method would provide the power on the Judge to determine the prisoner to lose his voting rights despite the availability of no general disqualifications. However, the only drawback in this method is that it increases the burden on the Courts, Judges and the Judiciary in the United Kingdom. Right to vote for all tariff-expired life sentence prisoners The prisoners who are sentenced for life-imprisonment as they presence is considered a serious threat to the public and country at large are not required to be enfranchised as the process is proving voting rights to such dangerous people will not make any sense. However, there are some prisoners who are of a certain category which is not required to enfranchise either due to the nature of their offence or due to the nature of their health under which crime was committed by them. For example, prisoner who are sentenced due to their offence relating to elections. According to the present law, prisoners who receive sentence due to their offence in relation to election automatically lose their right to vote under the current laws of the ban on prisoners voting. The United Kingdom legislation has penalties and punishment relating to election offences, which include the ban on voting. The United Kingdom government has stated earlier also does such custodial punishment also violate Human Rights. Another category of prisoners who are detained by committing offences in the mental hospital is a matter of concern in deciding the issue faced from the ban on voting rights of prisoners. Under section 3A of the Representation of the People Act 1983, any prisoner detained in the mental hospital is refrained from registering to vote in the United Kingdom. The Government questions the utility of extending voting rights to people who are considered mental or people with low or no reasoning[30]. The response of this proposal was published in the year 2009, which stated that the United Kingdom government to meet the requirements and to comply with the judgements of the European Court of Human Rights have to introduce a little enfranchisement of the sentenced prisoners in the custody. The length of the prisoner's sentence can be determining the eligibility of the prisoners by creating a threshold, however; the final call on the said legislation should rest on the decision of the parliament. The new suggested plan made recommendations, which stated that prisoners who are sentenced with a sentence of less than one year or 2 years or 4 years would automatically retain their right to vote however the same will be subject to certain exceptions which will be based on the type of offence[31]. However, prisoners who have been sentenced twice but less than four times can apply to the Court to be entitled to the right to vote however the same is possible only after valid application and permission granted by the Court. However, prisoners who are sentenced for a term of more than 4 years will not be entitled to vote under any circumstances[32]. On 6 September 2011the government announced that the European Court of Human Rights has given them a period of 6 months to adopt a proper legislation concerning the matter of voting rights of prisoners. The United Kingdom government was informed that it has received an extension of 6 months to adopt appropriate legislation six months from the date of the decision of the Scoppola case. However, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that the prisoners who are serving a sentence for serious offences like murder, rape and possessing arms illegally are permitted not to be given the right to vote without violating any ban of the Human Rights mentioned in the Human Right Convention and Protocol. The European Court of Human Rights stated that the base of distinguishing is that of serious offences." Conclusion Therefore, the United Kingdom government needs to make promptly laws, which comply with the judgement passed by the European Court of Human Rights to remedy the prisoners' rights to vote for removal of the ban on prisoner voting rights when the prisoners are sentenced for non-serious offences. However, when serious offences appear, the legislation is justified in imposing a ban on the voting rights of the prisoners who are a serious and continuous threat to the public safety and order in United Kingdom. Under the Human Rights Act, a minster ahs the power, in certain specified situation, to issue a remedial order in order to remove an incompatibility or a conflict between the national laws of a country and the Conventional rights. Therefore, the best solution in the matter of banning the prisoner voting rights is that a minister be appointed to puts an immediate rest to the pro-longed matter by making a remedial order and issuing an order to the United Kingdom government to make their domestic law according to the Human Right Convention and by abiding with the Protocol so formed[33]. Thus, the long debate will eventually end giving the United Kingdom a suitable legislation in the mater, which relates to releasing the ban from voting rights of the prisoners in the United Kingdom. Bibliography Amos, Merris. "Transplanting Human Rights Norms: The Case of the United Kingdom's Human Rights Act."Human Rights Quarterly35.2 (2013): 386-407. Bellamy, Richard. "Political Constitutionalism and the Human Rights Act."International Journal of Constitutional Law9.1 (2011): 86-111. Brady, Alan DP.Proportionality and Deference under the UK Human Rights Act: An Institutionally Sensitive Approach. Cambridge University Press, 2012. Cliquennois, Gatan, and Brice Champetier. "A new risk management for prisoners in France: The emergence of a death-avoidance approach."Theoretical Criminology17.3 (2013): 397-415. Coupland, Nikolas. "Other representation."Society and Language Use7 (2010): 241-260. Donnelly, Jack.International human rights. ReadHowYouWant. com, 2010. Fekete, Liz, and Frances Webber. "Foreign nationals, enemy penology and the criminal justice system."Race Class51.4 (2010): 1-25. Gentili, Gianluca. "European Court of Human Rights: An absolute ban on deportation of foreign citizens to countries where torture or ill-treatment is a genuine risk."International Journal of Constitutional Law8.2 (2010): 311-322. Heibert, Janet L. "Human Rights Act: Ambiguity about Parliamentary Sovereignty, The."German LJ14 (2013): 2253. Hepple, Bob. "The new single equality act in Britain."The Equal Rights Review5 (2010): 11-24. Lockard, Joe, and Sherry Rankins-Robertson. "The right to education, prisonuniversity partnerships, and online writing pedagogy in the US."Critical Survey23.3 (2011): 23-39. Mackay, Anita. "The human rights implications of smoking bans in closed environments: What Australia may learn from the international experience."International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice(2016). Malleson, Kate, and Richard Moules.The legal system. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press, 2010. Mauer, Marc. "Voting Behind Bars: An Argument for Voting by Prisoners."Howard LJ54 (2010): 549. McIntyre, James, et al. "Uptake and knowledge of voting rights by adult in-patients during the 2010 UK general election."The Psychiatrist Online36.4 (2012): 126-130. McNulty, Des, Nick Watson, and Gregory Philo. "Human Rights and Prisoners' Rights: The British Press and the Shaping of Public Debate."The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice53.4 (2014): 360-376. Murray, Colin RG. "A perfect storm: Parliament and prisoner disenfranchisement."Parliamentary Affairs(2012): gsr071. Ramsay, Peter. "Faking democracy with prisoners' voting rights." (2013). Ramsay, Peter. "Voters should not be in prison! The rights of prisoners in a democracy."Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy16.3 (2013): 421-438. Rees, Gareth, and James Reed. "Patients or prisoners? Time to reconsider the voting rights of mentally disordered offenders."BJPsych Bull(2015): pb-bp. Rehman, Javaid.International human rights law. Pearson education, 2010. Ridyard, Richard. "The governments ban on prisoners receiving books is the antithesis of the rehabilitation revolution promised by Chris Grayling."Democratic Audit Blog(2014). Skelton, Tracey. "Taking young people as political actors seriously: opening the borders of political geography."Area42.2 (2010): 145-151. Skelton, Tracey. "Taking young people as political actors seriously: opening the borders of political geography."Area42.2 (2010): 145-151. Slapper, Gary. "Ballot Box and the Jail Cell, The."J. Crim. L.75 (2011): 1. Tomuschat, Christian.Human rights: between idealism and realism. Vol. 13. Oxford University Press, USA, 2014. White, Isobel. "Prisoners voting rights." (2013). [1] Skelton, Tracey. "Taking young people as political actors seriously: opening the borders of political geography."Area42.2 (2010): 145-151. [2] Ramsay, Peter. "Faking Democracy with prisoners' voting rights." (2013). [3] Cliquennois, Gatan, and Brice Champetier. "A new risk management for prisoners in France: The emergence of a death-avoidance approach."Theoretical Criminology17.3 (2013): 397-415. [4] Stockdale v Hansard(1839) 9 Ad El 1 [5] Lake v. King(1667) [6] Gridley v. Johnson,476 S.W.2d 475(Mo.1972) [7] Smile v. Lawson,506 S.W.2d 400, 402 (1974) [8] Scoppola v. Italy [9] Lockard, Joe, and Sherry Rankins-Robertson. "The right to education, prisonuniversity partnerships, and online writing pedagogy in the US."Critical Survey23.3 (2011): 23-39. [10] Ramsay, Peter. "Faking Democracy with prisoners' voting rights." (2013). [11] Gentili, Gianluca. "European Court of Human Rights: An absolute ban on deportation of foreign citizens to countries where torture or ill-treatment is a genuine risk."International Journal of Constitutional Law8.2 (2010): 311-322. [12] McIntyre, James, et al. "Uptake and knowledge of voting rights by adult in-patients during the 2010 UK general election."The Psychiatrist Online36.4 (2012): 126-130. [13] Cliquennois, Gatan, and Brice Champetier. "A new risk management for prisoners in France: The emergence of a death-avoidance approach."Theoretical Criminology17.3 (2013): 397-415. [14] Murray, Colin RG. "A perfect storm: Parliament and prisoner disenfranchisement."Parliamentary Affairs(2012): gsr071 [15] Cliquennois, Gatan, and Brice Champetier. "A new risk management for prisoners in France: The emergence of a death-avoidance approach."Theoretical Criminology17.3 (2013): 397-415. [16] Ramsay, Peter. "Voters should not be in prison! The rights of prisoners in a democracy."Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy16.3 (2013): 421-438. [17] Ridyard, Richard. "The governments ban on prisoners receiving books is the antithesis of the rehabilitation revolution promised by Chris Grayling."Democratic Audit Blog(2014). [18] McNulty, Des, Nick Watson, and Gregory Philo. "Human Rights and Prisoners' Rights: The British Press and the Shaping of Public Debate."The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice53.4 (2014): 360-376. [19] Malleson, Kate, and Richard Moules.The legal system. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press, 2010. [20] Ridyard, Richard. "The governments ban on prisoners receiving books is the antithesis of the rehabilitation revolution promised by Chris Grayling."Democratic Audit Blog(2014). [21] Amos, Merris. "Transplanting Human Rights Norms: The Case of the United Kingdom's Human Rights Act."Human Rights Quarterly35.2 (2013): 386-407. [22] Fekete, Liz, and Frances Webber. "Foreign nationals, enemy penology and the criminal justice system."Race Class51.4 (2010): 1-25. [23] Mackay, Anita. "The human rights implications of smoking bans in closed environments: What Australia may learn from the international experience."International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice(2016). [24] Mackay, Anita. "The human rights implications of smoking bans in closed environments: What Australia may learn from the international experience."International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice(2016). [25] Rehman, Javaid.International human rights law. Pearson education, 2010. [26] Donnelly, Jack.International human rights. ReadHowYouWant. com, 2010. [27] Brady, Alan DP.Proportionality and Deference under the UK Human Rights Act: An Institutionally Sensitive Approach. Cambridge University Press, 2012. [28] Bellamy, Richard. "Political Constitutionalism and the Human Rights Act."International Journal of Constitutional Law9.1 (2011): 86-111. [29] Tomuschat, Christian.Human rights: between idealism and realism. Vol. 13. Oxford University Press, USA, 2014. [30] Coupland, Nikolas. "Other representation."Society and Language Use7 (2010): 241-260 [31] Skelton, Tracey. "Taking young people as political actors seriously: opening the borders of political geography."Area42.2 (2010): 145-151. [32] Hepple, Bob. "The new single equality act in Britain."The Equal Rights Review5 (2010): 11-24. [33] Skelton, Tracey. "Taking young people as political actors seriously: opening the borders of political geography."Area42.2 (2010): 145-151.

Relevance of Philosophy Essay Example

Relevance of Philosophy Essay In this essay the challenge is to shown the relevance of philosophy to 21st century manufacturing. As philosophy is not a new concept there is a wide and defervesce range of ideas (on everything that existed and does not yet exist). The people who study philosophy and deal with such matters must have at one stage put forward some thoughts on manufacturing and even engineering in general. Philosophy comes from the Greek for love of wisdom, giving us two important starting points: love (or passion) and wisdom (knowledge, understanding). Philosophy sometimes seems to be pursued without passion as if it were a technical subject like mathematics. Philosophy must come from some passion for the ultimate goal to be achieved: a reliable, accurate understanding ourselves and our world. Many think philosophy an idle, academic pursuit, never amounting to anything of practical value. The works of ancient Greek philosophers, ask the same questions which philosophers ask today. Doesnt this mean that philosophy never gets anywhere and never accomplishes anything? Philosophy is relevant as it makes us think about where we have come from, where we are at present and where we are going to in the future. The study of philosophy is usually conducted in one of two different ways: the systematic/ topical method and the historical/ biographical method. Both of these have their strengths and weaknesses and it is often easier to avoid focusing on one to the exclusions of the other, at least whenever possible. There are many different areas of philosophy which have relevance to manufacturing and will have relevance in the future. We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of Philosophy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of Philosophy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of Philosophy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Philosophy is the study of the fundamental  nature of existence, of man, and of mans relationship to existence. Some areas of study in philosophy are logic, ethics and epistemology (knowledge, ways of knowing) to name but a few important that are relevant to manufacturing. In this essay I hope to discover the link and the importance of philosophy in relation to manufacturing in the 21st century. Main body The main areas in which manufacturing are influenced by philosophy is ethics, logic and epistemology. Logic  is the study of  reasoning. Logic is used in most intellectual activities, but is studied primarily in the disciplines of philosophy,  mathematics engineering, and  computer science. Logic examines general forms which  arguments  may take which forms are valid, and which are fallacies. It is a type of  critical thinking. The field of ethics (or moral philosophy) involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behaviour. Philosophers today usually divide ethical theories into three general subject areas: met ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics Knowledge is about how things work and why they work and that’s what engineering and the sciences set out to do. Manufacturing is a by product of knowledge. These areas can be viewed from many philosophical points. And the different areas which have relevance to manufacturing can be put into three main branches and several sub branches. These main three are Epistemology, Logic and Ethics and some sub branches of the three main relevant branches to manufacturing, economic, technological mathematic, social and rational argument. The relevance of philosophy to manufacturing goes back long before the industrial revolution and even further back then the roman’s but to the first philosopher Pythagoras. These topics will be discussed in more detail later. Ethics or moral philosophy This is the branch of philosophy which seeks to address questions about morality that is, about concepts such as good and bad, right and wrong, justice and virtue. Anyone who has read Aristotle’s Ethics and has read modern moral philosophy must realise the great contrasts between them. The concepts which are prominent among the moderns seem to be lacking, far in the background, in Aristotle. Most noticeably, the term ‘moral’ itself, which we have by direct inheritance from Aristotle, just doesn’t seem to fit in its modern sense into an account of Aristotelian ethics. Aristotle distinguishes virtues as moral and intellectual. This area of philosophy is a broad area of study and is very relevant to everybody in normal day life. We take for granted the morals we live by and the morals of others, this too can be true for ethical practices that take place in manufacturing. Ethics are used by every company and business as bases for running their organisation such as fair trade, quality of product and quality of working environment. Some examples of ethics that show how important it is to consumers that companies have morals include: Fair Trade In the case of fair trade ethics has changed the way trade is done and the way people are treated in the process. In the past number of years important social changes have occurred with ethics an example of simple ethic in fair trade would be the production of coffee beans. Companies in recent years have begun to buy fairly bought produce where the producers benefit. As most of the producers are poor farmers. But because of the moral changes that have taken place in the past twenty years things have improved before the change in attitude the companies bought the product at low prices for big plantation owners and the poor suffered because of it. Quality of Product The role of ethics in quality of product we can take a very recent example and it is very much manufacturing example that of Toyota with the stricken of the accelerator pedal. The company is calling back thousands of cars for repair; this will cost a lot of money. And why its being done well the company has a moral obligation to produce a product fit for use. The ethics behind leaving defective products in us by consumers it could cause many incidences and maybe fatalities. The ethics that Toyota will abide by. Will cost the company a lot of money but may save the company on the long run. Companies who didn’t solve their problems. i. e. the car company Lancia who had a rust problem, which crippled the company in the end. And Toyota could fall a similar fate and begun bankrupt if not carful. It can be said that it is not ethics that is making Toyota recall all these cars but money. That unfortunately that is a pessimistic view and one would hope that Toyota is doing it for the right reasons over the value of reputation and money. Quality of Working Environment Quality of working environment is the final scenario. There have been many changes in the way people work and the place in which they work in as most working environment can be very dangerous places. Since the start of the industrial revolution high fatalities have occured due to machines with little or no safety aspects, have been recorded and it was due to companies disregarding safety of workers to make high profits. It may not be as big an issue today in the western world but to poorer more undeveloped countries where workers are still being neglected-ethics will play a role to improve he working environment and show manufacturing in a better light, now and in the future. Ethics is the bases of why good judgment is made so as to maintain and improve society. In a manufacturing sense morals can be a corner stone in changing work practices in industry. It can be a tool for progress in the future. The moral obligation to all is to be just and right, the phrase â€Å"Do no harm† can be an important to manufacturing and life in ge neral. Thomas Hobbes had stresses the importance of peace and security. With ethics in mind he said; there is no place for industry, because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no culture of the earth; no navigation, nor use of the commodities that may be imported by sea; no commodious building; no instruments of moving and removing such things as require much force; no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society† And then follows the description of life under such conditions made so by repeated quotation that I refrain from quoting it still again. Where morals prevail peace can be seen. Peace and security, however, including secure property rights and the attendant opportunities to create and accumulate wealth, permit â€Å"commodious living†, which is Hobbes’s term for economic development. In the three examples it can be seen where ethics has played a part in changing the mind set of people and companies in the past few decades. It may not be ethics which was the catalyst for these changes but it is the way things are changing for the better. Hobbes had a point even if it was a bit extreme; there is room for good if people give it a chance and do the right thing. Logic Logic is the study of reasoning. And reasoning typically focuses on what makes reasoning efficient or inefficient, appropriate or inappropriate. Logic is the corner stone of science and mathematics which in turn play a vital role in engineering. It is one of the oldest areas of philosophy going back to Aristotle. Along with Aristotle some key figures in the study of logic were Bertrand Russell, Charles Sanders Peirce and Immanuel Kant. These men made many points on the area of logic As like ethics, logic is a wide area of study. This is important to us in our every day existence. Logic is what we use to solve from our most basic problems to the kind of problems that change the world socially, economically, technologically and mathematically to name but a few ways. Logic can be broken down into two parts inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning is where a set of facts are given and from those facts a conclusion can be got from it an example of this in is a jigsaw puzzle all the parts are there but the pieces must be put together to see the full picture. On the other hand deductive reasoning is quiet different while inductive reasoning all the pieces are to be seen at once deductive reasoning gets it answer on a logical sequence of events, example of deductive reasoning is where a problem is set out but there is only one piece of information to work on and from that another piece of information is discovered until a logical sequence is established and an answer is reached like a detective solves a crime. Logic is the tool to solve any problem or argument which may arise by using the types of reasoning. And with this in mind logic will play a part in the future of manufacturing because without the use of logic the problems of the future won’t be solved and manufacturing will not progress. Epistemology Philosophy is largely based on known knowledge and epistemology is a study of knowledge. Descartes defines knowledge in terms of doubt. While distinguishing rigorous knowledge and lesser grades of conviction, Descartes writes: â€Å"I distinguish the two as follows: there is conviction when there remains some reason which might lead us to doubt, but knowledge is conviction based on a reason so strong that it can never be shaken by any stronger reason. † [Stanford, 2010] According to Bertrand Russell in regards to Epistemology, he says â€Å"we could be familiar with objects in two ways: knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description. He also thought that we could only be acquainted with our own sense data and that everything else we had to know through reasoning. It set out to answer â€Å"what distinguishes true (adequate)  knowledge  from false (inadequate) knowledge? This question translates into issues of scientific methodology: how can one develop theories or models that are better than competing theories. There is many areas which knowledge can be broken down into these main areas are Ratio nalism, Scepticism Rational Knowledge Rationalism Mathematics and geometry are examples of abstract truths which are known with certainty, even though the physical illustrations of these truths may vary. An early example was the Greek philosopher Plato who stated that ideas have an existence independent of human minds. These independently-existing ideas are the only reality in the universe since they are absolute and unchanging. Valid knowledge comes then when the mind grasps these ideas. Another famous philosopher was the Frenchman Rene Descartes who went through a period of scepticism in his life and then came to the conclusion that only ideas which were clear and distinct to the mind represented valid knowledge â€Å"Objections to Rationalism: . There is no agreement among philosophers or cultures about so-called self-evident ideas. Supposedly self-evident ideas have often been rejected at later times in history. 2. Self-evident ideas provide no knowledge about the world. Though sense experience may not be certain, it provides us with information which is as reliable as we need. The fact that a belief is not absolutely certain should not disqualify it for knowledge. Why not say t hat something is  known  as long as there is no good reason to doubt it? Of course, that might mean that occasionally we would have to admit that what we thought we knew was something that we really didnt know. So what? † [tamu, 2010] Scepticism This is the view that questions whether valid or reliable knowledge is ever attainable by a human being. Some sceptics stated that nothing can be known. Other sceptics stated that they did not know whether knowledge was possible; they suspended judgment on the issue. Some of the common examples used by sceptics are the illusions and deceptions of our senses. Others point to the complexity of any experience and ask how you can know what is the essence or real nature of the things you are experiencing. Empiricism This is the view that valid knowledge comes only through the five senses. Aristotle held the view that whatever was in the mind was first in the senses. Rene Descartes  (1596-1650) He claims, unless we know first whether our belief itself is justified. To determine whether our beliefs are justified, we have to be able to trace them back to a statement, belief, or proposition that cannot be doubted. Such a proposition could provide the firm foundation on which all subsequent beliefs could be grounded; it would guarantee that all subsequent claims based on it would be true. In order to identify an ultimate principle of truth on which all other knowledge can be based, Descartes develops a method that suspends our confidence in what we have been taught, what our senses tell us, what we think is obviousin short, in regard to everything we know. In order to determine whether there is anything we can know with certainty, he says that we first have to doubt everything we know. Such a radical doubt might not seem reasonable, and Descartes certainly does not mean that we  really  should doubt everything. What he suggests is that, in order to see if there is some belief that cannot be doubted, we should temporarily pretend that everything we know is questionable. Since sense experience is sometimes deceiving, it is obvious to Descartes that  a posteriori  claims (e. g. , that this milk tastes sour or that suit is dark blue) cannot be the basis for claims of knowledge. We do not know that what we experience through our senses is true; at least, we are not certain of it. So the best thing to do is to doubt our senses. Likewise, we cannot be sure that we really have bodies or that our experience of the world in general can be trusted; after all, we might be dreaming the whole thing. Next, we cannot even be sure that mathematical propositions such as 2+3=5 or that triangles always have three sides are true because some evil power might be deceiving us to think such things, when it is possible that even propositions that seem evident to us as true might themselves be really false. But even if an evil genie deceives us about all other beliefs, there is one belief that we cannot be mistaken about, and that is that we are thinking. Even to doubt this is to affirm it. Thinking proves that we exist (at least as minds or thinking things, regardless of whether we have bodies). The body is not an essential part of the self because we can doubt its existence in a way that we cannot doubt the existence of the mind. We have a great inclination to believe that there are physical objects that are external to the mind. But since only those objects known in terms of mathematical propertiesnot those imagined by use of the sensescan be known clearly and distinctly, the only knowledge we can have of such objects is in terms of mathematical, quantifiable physics. The only real knowledge we can have, then, is of things understood as functions of laws of physics. The objects we  see  are not the objects we  know, because what we know is intelligible only in terms of the clarity and precision of the formulae of physics. Information provided by the senses cannot therefore be the basis of knowledge. [tamu, 2010] Kant Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was a German philosopher who attempted to combine rationalism and empiricism. It is called the form and matter epistemology. A statue can have a form such as Abraham Lincoln and a matter such as marble; you need both a form and a matter to have a statue. So in knowledge you need a form, which are categories of the mind,  and matter which are the data of sensatio ns. You need both of these to have knowledge. It is similar to wearing rose-colored glasses. You have visual sensations and they are coloured by the glasses. Of course with the mind you cannot take of your glasses. Knowledge is an incredibility powerful tool which has created great nations and pushed the boundaries of science and technology to new areas. The quotation from Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) said that â€Å"knowledge is power† and that has always been the case since the dawn of civilisation, knowledge has been a part of every major advancement. Knowledge has a big part to play in manufacturing, it is an integral part of all advancement without the constant need for knowledge through research and other means it would be impossible to make major achievement. The different areas which have been discussed can be seen as different way we can go about solving difficult situation and problems. Manufacturing will need to conform to these different methods of thinking in the future. Conclusion Philosophy can be shown to have many areas some of which have been covered throughout this essay. The areas which have been covered are relevant to manufacturing in ways that show philosophy as a key component to running a lucrative and sustainable operating line. Philosophy has a lot of points to make; its relevance to manufacturing can be used as a tool for advancement in the future in areas such as Ethics * Companies treatment of small producers * Quality of products produced for consumers * The working environment Ethics has a role to play in changing these for the better and will have a maintaining a standard in future productions, especially in third world countries where companies have taken advantage of their workers yet do not pay a moral price. Logic The study of reasoning logic can be found at the core of engineering and manufacturing in general. It is a corner stone in which there are couple of ways of resolving a problem. The two main types are * Inductive * Deductive These two methods of solving apply to certain manufacturing dilemmas depending on the individual situation. A logical sequence of steps to gain the solution in which a process i. e. a production line is established by taking the correct logical sequence for the line to work effectively. Logic has a vital role in the way manufacturing process are carried out, without which there would be ciaos, void of efficiency, continuity and general order. Epistemology Epistemology is the study of knowledge and the ways of knowing. It schools of thought from which theories have sprung can be divided in the categories. * Rationalism The view of using absolute truth which is known with certainty is rationalism. Breaking knowledge down into its simplified core elements to revel the truth. * Scepticism This is seen where a theory is put forward and is then questioned. Many theorists maintain that some knowledge can never been known in its entirety or factually. It is questioning until a hypothesis or theory is validated to their satisfaction. * Empiricism Using the five senses to gain knowledge, most natural form of collection of information as we do it every day unknowingly. In the future the ideas and views of philosophy will have a significant part to play in manufacturing and engineering in general. As it has had an important role to play in the past. Manufacturing can be broken down into many different areas and this is due to philosophy and the thinking required by the different schools of thought in the related areas. As all area have a knock on effect on each other, i. e. logic can change the methodology significantly. We now realise the importance of philosophy in every day manufacturing although it might not appear obvious but under the surface of manufacturing processes is detrimental to efficient, cost effective, and ethic practices in the work place. References [Stanford, 2010] http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/descartes-epistemology/ [tamu, 2010] http://philosophy. tamu. edu/~sdaniel/Notes/96class15. html Relevance of Philosophy Essay Example Relevance of Philosophy Essay In this essay the challenge is to shown the relevance of philosophy to 21st century manufacturing. As philosophy is not a new concept there is a wide and defervesce range of ideas (on everything that existed and does not yet exist). The people who study philosophy and deal with such matters must have at one stage put forward some thoughts on manufacturing and even engineering in general. Philosophy comes from the Greek for love of wisdom, giving us two important starting points: love (or passion) and wisdom (knowledge, understanding). Philosophy sometimes seems to be pursued without passion as if it were a technical subject like mathematics. Philosophy must come from some passion for the ultimate goal to be achieved: a reliable, accurate understanding ourselves and our world. Many think philosophy an idle, academic pursuit, never amounting to anything of practical value. The works of ancient Greek philosophers, ask the same questions which philosophers ask today. Doesnt this mean that philosophy never gets anywhere and never accomplishes anything? Philosophy is relevant as it makes us think about where we have come from, where we are at present and where we are going to in the future. The study of philosophy is usually conducted in one of two different ways: the systematic/ topical method and the historical/ biographical method. Both of these have their strengths and weaknesses and it is often easier to avoid focusing on one to the exclusions of the other, at least whenever possible. There are many different areas of philosophy which have relevance to manufacturing and will have relevance in the future. We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of Philosophy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of Philosophy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of Philosophy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Philosophy is the study of the fundamental  nature of existence, of man, and of mans relationship to existence. Some areas of study in philosophy are logic, ethics and epistemology (knowledge, ways of knowing) to name but a few important that are relevant to manufacturing. In this essay I hope to discover the link and the importance of philosophy in relation to manufacturing in the 21st century. Main body The main areas in which manufacturing are influenced by philosophy is ethics, logic and epistemology. Logic  is the study of  reasoning. Logic is used in most intellectual activities, but is studied primarily in the disciplines of philosophy,  mathematics engineering, and  computer science. Logic examines general forms which  arguments  may take which forms are valid, and which are fallacies. It is a type of  critical thinking. The field of ethics (or moral philosophy) involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behaviour. Philosophers today usually divide ethical theories into three general subject areas: met ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics Knowledge is about how things work and why they work and that’s what engineering and the sciences set out to do. Manufacturing is a by product of knowledge. These areas can be viewed from many philosophical points. And the different areas which have relevance to manufacturing can be put into three main branches and several sub branches. These main three are Epistemology, Logic and Ethics and some sub branches of the three main relevant branches to manufacturing, economic, technological mathematic, social and rational argument. The relevance of philosophy to manufacturing goes back long before the industrial revolution and even further back then the roman’s but to the first philosopher Pythagoras. These topics will be discussed in more detail later. Ethics or moral philosophy This is the branch of philosophy which seeks to address questions about morality that is, about concepts such as good and bad, right and wrong, justice and virtue. Anyone who has read Aristotle’s Ethics and has read modern moral philosophy must realise the great contrasts between them. The concepts which are prominent among the moderns seem to be lacking, far in the background, in Aristotle. Most noticeably, the term ‘moral’ itself, which we have by direct inheritance from Aristotle, just doesn’t seem to fit in its modern sense into an account of Aristotelian ethics. Aristotle distinguishes virtues as moral and intellectual. This area of philosophy is a broad area of study and is very relevant to everybody in normal day life. We take for granted the morals we live by and the morals of others, this too can be true for ethical practices that take place in manufacturing. Ethics are used by every company and business as bases for running their organisation such as fair trade, quality of product and quality of working environment. Some examples of ethics that show how important it is to consumers that companies have morals include: Fair Trade In the case of fair trade ethics has changed the way trade is done and the way people are treated in the process. In the past number of years important social changes have occurred with ethics an example of simple ethic in fair trade would be the production of coffee beans. Companies in recent years have begun to buy fairly bought produce where the producers benefit. As most of the producers are poor farmers. But because of the moral changes that have taken place in the past twenty years things have improved before the change in attitude the companies bought the product at low prices for big plantation owners and the poor suffered because of it. Quality of Product The role of ethics in quality of product we can take a very recent example and it is very much manufacturing example that of Toyota with the stricken of the accelerator pedal. The company is calling back thousands of cars for repair; this will cost a lot of money. And why its being done well the company has a moral obligation to produce a product fit for use. The ethics behind leaving defective products in us by consumers it could cause many incidences and maybe fatalities. The ethics that Toyota will abide by. Will cost the company a lot of money but may save the company on the long run. Companies who didn’t solve their problems. i. e. the car company Lancia who had a rust problem, which crippled the company in the end. And Toyota could fall a similar fate and begun bankrupt if not carful. It can be said that it is not ethics that is making Toyota recall all these cars but money. That unfortunately that is a pessimistic view and one would hope that Toyota is doing it for the right reasons over the value of reputation and money. Quality of Working Environment Quality of working environment is the final scenario. There have been many changes in the way people work and the place in which they work in as most working environment can be very dangerous places. Since the start of the industrial revolution high fatalities have occured due to machines with little or no safety aspects, have been recorded and it was due to companies disregarding safety of workers to make high profits. It may not be as big an issue today in the western world but to poorer more undeveloped countries where workers are still being neglected-ethics will play a role to improve he working environment and show manufacturing in a better light, now and in the future. Ethics is the bases of why good judgment is made so as to maintain and improve society. In a manufacturing sense morals can be a corner stone in changing work practices in industry. It can be a tool for progress in the future. The moral obligation to all is to be just and right, the phrase â€Å"Do no harm† can be an important to manufacturing and life in ge neral. Thomas Hobbes had stresses the importance of peace and security. With ethics in mind he said; there is no place for industry, because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no culture of the earth; no navigation, nor use of the commodities that may be imported by sea; no commodious building; no instruments of moving and removing such things as require much force; no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society† And then follows the description of life under such conditions made so by repeated quotation that I refrain from quoting it still again. Where morals prevail peace can be seen. Peace and security, however, including secure property rights and the attendant opportunities to create and accumulate wealth, permit â€Å"commodious living†, which is Hobbes’s term for economic development. In the three examples it can be seen where ethics has played a part in changing the mind set of people and companies in the past few decades. It may not be ethics which was the catalyst for these changes but it is the way things are changing for the better. Hobbes had a point even if it was a bit extreme; there is room for good if people give it a chance and do the right thing. Logic Logic is the study of reasoning. And reasoning typically focuses on what makes reasoning efficient or inefficient, appropriate or inappropriate. Logic is the corner stone of science and mathematics which in turn play a vital role in engineering. It is one of the oldest areas of philosophy going back to Aristotle. Along with Aristotle some key figures in the study of logic were Bertrand Russell, Charles Sanders Peirce and Immanuel Kant. These men made many points on the area of logic As like ethics, logic is a wide area of study. This is important to us in our every day existence. Logic is what we use to solve from our most basic problems to the kind of problems that change the world socially, economically, technologically and mathematically to name but a few ways. Logic can be broken down into two parts inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning is where a set of facts are given and from those facts a conclusion can be got from it an example of this in is a jigsaw puzzle all the parts are there but the pieces must be put together to see the full picture. On the other hand deductive reasoning is quiet different while inductive reasoning all the pieces are to be seen at once deductive reasoning gets it answer on a logical sequence of events, example of deductive reasoning is where a problem is set out but there is only one piece of information to work on and from that another piece of information is discovered until a logical sequence is established and an answer is reached like a detective solves a crime. Logic is the tool to solve any problem or argument which may arise by using the types of reasoning. And with this in mind logic will play a part in the future of manufacturing because without the use of logic the problems of the future won’t be solved and manufacturing will not progress. Epistemology Philosophy is largely based on known knowledge and epistemology is a study of knowledge. Descartes defines knowledge in terms of doubt. While distinguishing rigorous knowledge and lesser grades of conviction, Descartes writes: â€Å"I distinguish the two as follows: there is conviction when there remains some reason which might lead us to doubt, but knowledge is conviction based on a reason so strong that it can never be shaken by any stronger reason. † [Stanford, 2010] According to Bertrand Russell in regards to Epistemology, he says â€Å"we could be familiar with objects in two ways: knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description. He also thought that we could only be acquainted with our own sense data and that everything else we had to know through reasoning. It set out to answer â€Å"what distinguishes true (adequate)  knowledge  from false (inadequate) knowledge? This question translates into issues of scientific methodology: how can one develop theories or models that are better than competing theories. There is many areas which knowledge can be broken down into these main areas are Ratio nalism, Scepticism Rational Knowledge Rationalism Mathematics and geometry are examples of abstract truths which are known with certainty, even though the physical illustrations of these truths may vary. An early example was the Greek philosopher Plato who stated that ideas have an existence independent of human minds. These independently-existing ideas are the only reality in the universe since they are absolute and unchanging. Valid knowledge comes then when the mind grasps these ideas. Another famous philosopher was the Frenchman Rene Descartes who went through a period of scepticism in his life and then came to the conclusion that only ideas which were clear and distinct to the mind represented valid knowledge â€Å"Objections to Rationalism: . There is no agreement among philosophers or cultures about so-called self-evident ideas. Supposedly self-evident ideas have often been rejected at later times in history. 2. Self-evident ideas provide no knowledge about the world. Though sense experience may not be certain, it provides us with information which is as reliable as we need. The fact that a belief is not absolutely certain should not disqualify it for knowledge. Why not say t hat something is  known  as long as there is no good reason to doubt it? Of course, that might mean that occasionally we would have to admit that what we thought we knew was something that we really didnt know. So what? † [tamu, 2010] Scepticism This is the view that questions whether valid or reliable knowledge is ever attainable by a human being. Some sceptics stated that nothing can be known. Other sceptics stated that they did not know whether knowledge was possible; they suspended judgment on the issue. Some of the common examples used by sceptics are the illusions and deceptions of our senses. Others point to the complexity of any experience and ask how you can know what is the essence or real nature of the things you are experiencing. Empiricism This is the view that valid knowledge comes only through the five senses. Aristotle held the view that whatever was in the mind was first in the senses. Rene Descartes  (1596-1650) He claims, unless we know first whether our belief itself is justified. To determine whether our beliefs are justified, we have to be able to trace them back to a statement, belief, or proposition that cannot be doubted. Such a proposition could provide the firm foundation on which all subsequent beliefs could be grounded; it would guarantee that all subsequent claims based on it would be true. In order to identify an ultimate principle of truth on which all other knowledge can be based, Descartes develops a method that suspends our confidence in what we have been taught, what our senses tell us, what we think is obviousin short, in regard to everything we know. In order to determine whether there is anything we can know with certainty, he says that we first have to doubt everything we know. Such a radical doubt might not seem reasonable, and Descartes certainly does not mean that we  really  should doubt everything. What he suggests is that, in order to see if there is some belief that cannot be doubted, we should temporarily pretend that everything we know is questionable. Since sense experience is sometimes deceiving, it is obvious to Descartes that  a posteriori  claims (e. g. , that this milk tastes sour or that suit is dark blue) cannot be the basis for claims of knowledge. We do not know that what we experience through our senses is true; at least, we are not certain of it. So the best thing to do is to doubt our senses. Likewise, we cannot be sure that we really have bodies or that our experience of the world in general can be trusted; after all, we might be dreaming the whole thing. Next, we cannot even be sure that mathematical propositions such as 2+3=5 or that triangles always have three sides are true because some evil power might be deceiving us to think such things, when it is possible that even propositions that seem evident to us as true might themselves be really false. But even if an evil genie deceives us about all other beliefs, there is one belief that we cannot be mistaken about, and that is that we are thinking. Even to doubt this is to affirm it. Thinking proves that we exist (at least as minds or thinking things, regardless of whether we have bodies). The body is not an essential part of the self because we can doubt its existence in a way that we cannot doubt the existence of the mind. We have a great inclination to believe that there are physical objects that are external to the mind. But since only those objects known in terms of mathematical propertiesnot those imagined by use of the sensescan be known clearly and distinctly, the only knowledge we can have of such objects is in terms of mathematical, quantifiable physics. The only real knowledge we can have, then, is of things understood as functions of laws of physics. The objects we  see  are not the objects we  know, because what we know is intelligible only in terms of the clarity and precision of the formulae of physics. Information provided by the senses cannot therefore be the basis of knowledge. [tamu, 2010] Kant Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was a German philosopher who attempted to combine rationalism and empiricism. It is called the form and matter epistemology. A statue can have a form such as Abraham Lincoln and a matter such as marble; you need both a form and a matter to have a statue. So in knowledge you need a form, which are categories of the mind,  and matter which are the data of sensatio ns. You need both of these to have knowledge. It is similar to wearing rose-colored glasses. You have visual sensations and they are coloured by the glasses. Of course with the mind you cannot take of your glasses. Knowledge is an incredibility powerful tool which has created great nations and pushed the boundaries of science and technology to new areas. The quotation from Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) said that â€Å"knowledge is power† and that has always been the case since the dawn of civilisation, knowledge has been a part of every major advancement. Knowledge has a big part to play in manufacturing, it is an integral part of all advancement without the constant need for knowledge through research and other means it would be impossible to make major achievement. The different areas which have been discussed can be seen as different way we can go about solving difficult situation and problems. Manufacturing will need to conform to these different methods of thinking in the future. Conclusion Philosophy can be shown to have many areas some of which have been covered throughout this essay. The areas which have been covered are relevant to manufacturing in ways that show philosophy as a key component to running a lucrative and sustainable operating line. Philosophy has a lot of points to make; its relevance to manufacturing can be used as a tool for advancement in the future in areas such as Ethics * Companies treatment of small producers * Quality of products produced for consumers * The working environment Ethics has a role to play in changing these for the better and will have a maintaining a standard in future productions, especially in third world countries where companies have taken advantage of their workers yet do not pay a moral price. Logic The study of reasoning logic can be found at the core of engineering and manufacturing in general. It is a corner stone in which there are couple of ways of resolving a problem. The two main types are * Inductive * Deductive These two methods of solving apply to certain manufacturing dilemmas depending on the individual situation. A logical sequence of steps to gain the solution in which a process i. e. a production line is established by taking the correct logical sequence for the line to work effectively. Logic has a vital role in the way manufacturing process are carried out, without which there would be ciaos, void of efficiency, continuity and general order. Epistemology Epistemology is the study of knowledge and the ways of knowing. It schools of thought from which theories have sprung can be divided in the categories. * Rationalism The view of using absolute truth which is known with certainty is rationalism. Breaking knowledge down into its simplified core elements to revel the truth. * Scepticism This is seen where a theory is put forward and is then questioned. Many theorists maintain that some knowledge can never been known in its entirety or factually. It is questioning until a hypothesis or theory is validated to their satisfaction. * Empiricism Using the five senses to gain knowledge, most natural form of collection of information as we do it every day unknowingly. In the future the ideas and views of philosophy will have a significant part to play in manufacturing and engineering in general. As it has had an important role to play in the past. Manufacturing can be broken down into many different areas and this is due to philosophy and the thinking required by the different schools of thought in the related areas. As all area have a knock on effect on each other, i. e. logic can change the methodology significantly. We now realise the importance of philosophy in every day manufacturing although it might not appear obvious but under the surface of manufacturing processes is detrimental to efficient, cost effective, and ethic practices in the work place. References [Stanford, 2010] http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/descartes-epistemology/ [tamu, 2010] http://philosophy. tamu. edu/~sdaniel/Notes/96class15. html

The Bet

The Bet "The Bet" By Anton Chekhov The debate among about life imprisonment virus's capital punishment has been fought long and hard. This argument takes place here in this story where two men are having a lively discussion about which is more humane, life imprisonment or capital punishment. The one who chooses life imprisonment is the lawyer. The banker is against this and chooses death. The banker is so sure that no one would lose their life to imprisonment rather then end it all quickly. The banker, so confident, makes the bet with the lawyer staking two million rubles that he couldn't sacrifice his freedom for his belief and stay confined by himself for fifteen years.The banker being so confident thinks no one would lose fifteen years of his or her life for so much money. In the beginning the banker disagrees with the people who say that the death penalty is out of date.Prisoners per 100,000 population

Solo written report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Solo written report - Assignment Example I believe that I am well qualified academically and with experience for this position that offers good opportunities. The key strengths that make me the competitive candidate for this position include; the ability to network effectively, I have a desire to impact positively not only to the clients but also colleagues, I am also able to work in a team work environment. I also have a strong character and am always ready to learn new things. I am a person that customers will rely on because I am confident and well spoken person. I have wider experience is similar career environment hence you can place me in any place and am confident I will deliver. I am hoping that my education and experience will warrant a face-to-face meeting because am sure that I will deliver quality services that will add value to the organization. Yours Sincerely Alex CURRICULUM VITAE PERSONAL DATA: LAST NAME: (ALL CAPS) Name as it appears on your passport: First Name: Middle Name / Other Names: Physical Street A ddress for courier delivery (NOT A POSTAL BOX): Telephone Home: Telephone Mobile: Telephone Office: Email 1: alex@hotmail.com Email 2: Marital Status: Date of Birth: DAY/MONTH/YEAR Gender: Country of Origin: Present Nationality: Languages and Fluency Level: EDUCATION: Degree Earned, University of Toronto 2007 to 2011 Example: Bachelors of Commerce degree in Finance and Economics, University of Toronto, Toronto Canada WORK HISTORY: Assistant Financial advisor, XBA international, 40100-567 Toronto Canada, 2011 to 2012 July Start and End Date (Mo/Year), Name of Supervisor I was assistant financial advisor and I advised the organization on financial matters. Budget planning for the organization Oversee Internal auditing exercise Senior Financial Advisor XBA International 40100-567 Toronto Canada 2012 July up to date Advising the company on financial matters TRAINING AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT: Course Name, CPA 1- K Institute of accounting Toronto Canada 20010- 2011 Introduction: With a soon-to-be completed Bachelors of Commerce degree in Finance and Economics, I wish to apply for the position of financial advisor as posted on November 18th in the website of www.monster.ca. I have the confidence that I am the most suitable person for this job, and I could perform these duties in the best interest of Investors Group. After an extensive research about your financial group, I am inspiring by applying to such a reputable financial services group. The following summary is the qualities and skills that I would like to provide to Investors Group. Investors Group’s history is counting over 80 years. In 1926 the fist Canadian office was established, and Theodore O. Peterson becomes the company’s first President in 1946. After four years in 1950 Investors Group launches the first mutual fund in Canada and international mutual fund after 12 years in 1962.In 1986, Power Financial Corporation becomes the parent company of Investors Group and the new corporate he ad office became reality on 1988 †One Canada Center† . Moreover, in 1997 Investors Group joins Great-West Life in the purchase of London Life and I.G Investment Management, Ltd. Opens

Arguments for anti-feminism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Arguments for anti-feminism - Essay Example Are women deprived of rights in society as pointed out in lieu of the feminist view or are women appropriately designated with responsibilities fit for their nature compared to the status of men? It is evident that feminism is a concept motivated by the quest for social justice of individuals who believe that women are disadvantaged in society. I consider feminism as both an intellectual commitment and a political movement that seeks equality for women and the end of sexism in all forms. As James characterizes it, â€Å"feminism is grounded on the belief that women are deprived of certain rights and oppressed by comparison with men, and that their oppression is in some way illegitimate or unjustified†, (276). Crow adds that, â€Å"injustices to women are referred to as the imposition of weak roles to women from roles at home and at work to the bigger part of societal functions†, (1). I will prove in this discussion that the feminist claim, that is, women are denied equal rights by being secondary to men is unsound. As Okin makes the point, â€Å"subordination of women in the context of a family is nothing but a role which could be fulfilled as a role in the family†, (68). I can clearly see that housekeeping functions are allocated to women because a family is a relationship built from the cooperation of the partners. Male partners should handle the financial burden since they are more productive and their biological structure provides for the competitive work advantage. With the role of income generation left to the responsibility of men, housekeeping in general should just be naturally assigned to women. In addition, it could easily be argued that men should be given the responsibility to have better compensation â€Å"because of their role in the labor market† (Bergmann 112). Men deserve to get the top spot in the market of jobs and be remunerate d better relative to women due to their abilities. It is the goal of feminism as well to eliminate the culture in

Modernism Visual Comical Strips Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Modernism Visual Comical Strips - Research Paper Example The essay "Modernism Visual Comical Strips" discovers modernism and visual comical strips. The modernism arts focused on freedom and individuality as evidence from Pablo Picasso’s art works. Modernism art, therefore, saw the emergence of some new media especially photography thus it emerged during the eras of history of photography and this explains why history records the photographers of 19th century. Modernism also marked the beginning of the new art forms like animation, assemblage, cinematography and even the avant-garde art, including the earliest conceptual art forms and the same style was used on comic strips as the same themes are portrayed in the modernism cartoons and other visual comedy. Style and setting of modernism comical strips used backgrounds that showed how the society evolved to become civilized. In most modernism comedies, the artists used black and white backgrounds to show an evolving society unlike the postmodernist artists that have used technology to affect the backgrounds to the desired colors. On the other hand, most of the modernism comedies centered on war and how servants served their masters. Moreover, modernism visual comedy shows the activities of social organization, architecture, and economic situations in the modernist era that become outdated as industrial revolution took over the world. Post modernism art came about after the emergence of modernism arts and as such, contradicted the aspects of the modernism art. Post modernism in visual art includes general aspects.

Bio-based Polymers and Their Future Trends: Article Review

Bio-based Polymers and Their Future Trends: Article Review The selected article, Current progress on bio-based polymers and their future trends[1], provides insight into the present tendencies, technological advancements, and the prospective utilisation of bio-based polymers obtained with renewable means. A wide domain of bio-based polymers are analysed in this article specifically focusing on its production, its characteristics and its potential in commercialisation. The review also measures the subsequent challenges whilst introducing these polymers for appliance. Consequently, the analysis of the review article pertains generally to specialists such as scientists possessing a background knowledge of bio-based polymers, to entrepreneurs who intend to commercialise these bio-based polymers due to their increase in allure as a renewable and environmentally friendly product and perhaps to enthusiasts. Part of this reasoning is due to the extensive use of chemical jargon and its passive and scientific articulation. Subsequently, the review art icle was difficult to comprehend as a scientifically sound reader. The discipline ideally suited for the review article is a combination of organic chemistry, polymer chemistry. Organic chemistry and polymer chemistry are both a chemistry subdiscipline where the former deals with the study of organic materials[2], matter formed with carbon atoms, and where the latter deals with the study of synthetic polymers[3]. The article examines the bio-based polymers, hence falling into the categories of organic chemistry and polymer chemistry. Additional disciplines can be related to this article but may seem ambiguous such as materials science which briefly covers the study of polymers[4] and industrial engineering[5] which examines the cost effectiveness of the production of these bio-based polymers. Therefore, article should be categorised as a discipline of organic chemistry as it focuses on bio-based polymers. The association concerning the discipline of organic chemistry and the review article from the journal Progress in Biomaterials relates thoroughly within. As stated in the description[6], this journal examines the preparation and characteristics of biomaterials in vitro and in vivo and assesses its compatibility in areas such as tissue engineering, drug delivery and implants and regenerative medicine. The editorial board regarding this journal is of an international standard where people from universities universally gather in order to publish and review this journal. Hence this journal is open accessed and peer reviewed published under the SpringerOpen brand and also approved by the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, obtaining a high credible standard[7]. The journal, published by one of the many leading academic services[8], is therefore associated with the discipline of organic and polymer chemistry. The purpose of the review is to assess a variety of bio-based polymers of their production, characteristics, their effective future applications in our society and its difficulties. The review article investigates and assesses as much as ten bio-based polymers, each with diverse scrutinies, and therefore cellulose[9] will be briefly discussed as an example of what is reported as it is also associated with the primary article[10] that will be compared from the review articled. In this review article, cellulose, reported to be one of the largest bio-based polymer produced[11], is attained through the two methods: sulfite and pre-hydrolysis kraft pulping and has a ninety seven percent purity rate[12]. Cellulose is a rigid polymer and is highly tensile relative to other bio-based polymers. This causes processing problems and therefore is plasticised, mixing itself with other polymers, to soften itself for ease of use[13]. Subsequently, there are three main branches of which cellulosoic p olymers are classified under after chemical modification for applications: cellulose esters, cellulose ethers and regenerated cellulose. Each of these have difference uses: cellulose esters are mainly utilised for film and fiber, cellulose ethers are used in food and personal care and regenerated cellulose are used for disposables, textiles and fabrics[14]. The main drawback to the production of this renewable source is the low yields compared to its high expense.[15] The immense amount of professional research expressed into this review article accounts for the 159 references. Many of these references are primary articles which are peer reviewed whilst there are also some that are also review articles. Most of these references are linked to reputable academic services such as Oxford Academic and Science Direct. The sources of the review article are generally recent as most of them are from the 21st Century. The selected primary article, Cellulose Extraction from Palm Kernel Cake Using Liquid Phase Oxidation[16], is an experimental report that investigates the production of cellulose via its extraction from palm kernel cake with the method of liquid phase oxidation. Specifically this primary article highlights the optimization of this process where the yield of cellulose would increase as a variable changed such as the ration of hydrogen peroxide and the hot water treatment. As a result a theoretical optimal point was discovered. The investigations of this primary article is significant to the review article as it contributes through the production of cellulose, one of the many bio-based polymers discussed in the review article. This helps the audience to understand how cellulose is produced, providing insight on its benefits and drawbacks. While both articles relate to cellulose, the nature and purpose can be distinguishable. The primary article contains experimental data and methods which aimed to optimise the yield of cellulose whereas the review article aimed to provide information to an audience, gathering its data from a variety of sources. Reference List Babu, R.P., OConnor, K. Seeram, R. Babu et al.: Current progress on bio-based polymers and their future trends. Progress in Biomaterials 2013 2:8, accessed 22 March 2017, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/2194-0517-2-8> Farm Yan Yan, Duduku Krishniah, Mariani Rajin, Awang Bono. Cellulose Extraction from Palm Kernel Cake Using Liquid Phase Oxidation. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology 2009, accessed 25 March 2017, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yan_yan_Farm/publication/49593921_Cellulose_extraction_from_palm_kernel_cake_using_liquid_phase_oxidation/links/57bc0e4e08aefea8f0f5f46e.pdf> [1] Babu, R.P., OConnor, K. Seeram, R. 2013 [2] ACS, Chemistry for Life, accessed 25 March 2017, https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/careers/college-to-career/areas-of-chemistry/organic-chemistry.html [3] ACS, Chemistry for Life, accessed 25 March 2017, https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/careers/college-to-career/areas-of-chemistry/polymer-chemistry.html [4] Merriam-Webster, accessed 25 March 2017, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/materials%20science [5] Oregon state University, accessed 25 March 2017, http://mime.oregonstate.edu/what-do-industrial-engineers-do [6] Springer Link, accessed 25 March 2017, https://link.springer.com/journal/40204 [7] Springer, accessed 25 March 2017, http://www.springer.com/materials/biomaterials/journal/40204?detailsPage=editorialBoard [8] Springer, accessed 25 March 2017http://www.springer.com/gp/about-springer [9] Babu, R.P., OConnor, K. Seeram, R. 2013 [10] Journal of Engineerring Science and Technology, accessed 25 March 2017 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yan_yan_Farm/publication/49593921_Cellulose_extraction_from_palm_kernel_cake_using_liquid_phase_oxidation/links/57bc0e4e08aefea8f0f5f46e.pdf [11] Farm Yan Yan, Duduku Krishniah, Mariani Rajin, Awang Bono. 2009. Sec. 1 Para. 1 [12] Babu, R.P., OConnor, K. Seeram, R. 2013 Page 9 Para.1 [13] Babu, R.P., OConnor, K. Seeram, R. 2013 Page 9 Para 2 [14] Babu, R.P., OConnor, K. Seeram, R. 2013 Page 9 Para 3 [15] Babu, R.P., OConnor, K. Seeram, R. 2013 Page 10 Para 1 [16] Farm Yan Yan, Duduku Krishniah, Mariani Rajin, Awang Bono Sec.4 Para.1